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Study Guide Hitler Essay-Half Austrian and half German. Serves with distinction, wounded returns to Bavaria after war (served in a Bavarian regiment). -German nationalist+ binder of authoritarianism+ opposed to democracy and socialism + racially motivated (anti-Semitism v German Volk) -Pseudo spy for Bavarian govt and runs into the DAP (German Workers Party). Likes their anti-capitalist, anti-Semitic and nationalist message. Anton Drexler is fracture/head Hitler has energy, oratory and propaganda skills. -1920 25 Points authored by Hitler/Drexler. DAPNSDAP. Hirtler in charge of propaganda salute, uniforms,swastika. Also creates armed squads. -Drexler alarmed power roleplay but loses as Hitler offers to resign and rather becomes chairman and Fuehrer. -1921-23 fellowship reorganization.A) Armed squads reorganized into SA headed by Ernst Roehm intimidation and violence. B) 1921 Newspaper Peoples ObserverC) Julius Streicher gives Hitler support (rival right wing group in Bava ria) D) Hermann Goering joins party in 1922. Aristocracy/high society makes party more respectable 1923 20,000 members powerful mainly in one part of Bavaria. 1923 Beer Hall coup successful example of Mussolini and weaknesses of Weimar a) hostility of elites (top army brass, aristocracy, indus strive) b) limited popular support, and economic problems. c) Nostalgia for Kaiser and Imperial Germany, not used to democracy d) Economic problems costs of WWI and debts, reparations, new wellbeing benefits provided by State (health insurance, housing), hyperinflation because of Ruhr crisis.e) Association with defeat in war Treaty of Versailles, November criminals and stab in the back myth. Hitler plots March on Berlin with Gustav von Kahr (ultra-conservative leader of Bavarian govt) and superior general von Lossow (local head of army). However, poor planning, not enough public support, too much reliance on General Lud terminationorff, Kahr and Lossow back out at last minute. Nov 8, H itler announces a national revolution and next day marches into Muncih with 2000 SA. Easily crushed by police and 14 Nazis killed, Hitler arrested for treason. Consequences Nazi party banned. Hitler gets onto national stage and attracts help of other right wingersB) Muellers Grand Coalition (SDP, Center and Stresemanns party). C) United Op positioning formed by media magnate Hugenberg has DNVP, Pan-german league, Nazis, leading industrialists. Draft a police against the Enslavement of German People. Referendum in 1929, but lose. D) Oct. 1929 Wall Street Crash and Great Depression 32% unemployment (6 million) industrial workers lose jobs for extended time, shopping center class and down(p) businesses affected. 42% fall in GNP. World trade collapses (protectionism and tariffs). Peasants hit by collapse of agr prices industrial workers are unemployed. 50,000 businesses collapse and banks fail. Loss of combine and despair.Naziorganization use of modern propaganda techniques (Go ebbels) exploitation of scapegoats strong party structure and organization After 1930 Presidential Government and rule by taking into custody Decree (art 48) every govt rules by emergency decree. Bruning (1930-32) Center Party von Papen (May-Dec 1932) also Center but more right wing General Kurt von Schleicher (Dec 1932-Jan 1933) no party affil. E) Muellers coalition collapses March 1930. Meissner, Gen. von Schleicher and Hindenburg are all conservative nationalists and get Bruning in. When Reichstag rejects his austerity budget, he invokes contrivance. 48. Calls for elections F) Reichstag elections 1930 on yield no mandates 1930 alternative Nazis get 18.3% (2nd after Socialists)800,000 to 6.4 m votes. Nationalists lose half votes to Nazis, middle class democratic parties lose the most and extremes gain, socialists lose ground to KPD. G) Bruning continues as Chancellor Presidential Govt. May 1932 dismissed.A monarchist, against democracy, anti- Socialist. Failed economic policy of balancing the budget, over-relied on Hindenburg and Art 48. Successes include Allies evacuate Rhineland Hoover memo suspends debts and reparations abolished by Lausanne Conference. H) 1932 Reichstag election brutal street violence Bavarian left-center govt removed by Papen. Nazis win 37.3% and are largest party center parties collapse and only KPD gains (14.3%). Dec 1932, von Papen humiliated after no-confidence vote fails to mellow out Reichstag. Schleicher now has doubts. Hitler, Hindenburg and Papen try to resolve impasse Hitler wants Chancellorship and rebuffed. Nov 1932 new elections called and Nazis only get 33.1%. Schleicher insists von Papen be replaced 2 month rule by Gen. von Schleicher. Wants to have left/trade unions join and to adhere Strassers from Hitler. Fails because trade unions doubt him, landowners and businessmen have no trust.Hindenburg agrees to a Nazi-Nationalist coalition = Hitler appointed Chancellor. Papen, Hindenburgs son oskar, landowners, indust rialists and army support him. Why did Nazis succeed? 13 m voters appeal to middle class and Protestants high in north and east peasants and farmers, Mittelstand (shopkeepers) and white collar workers appeal to youth, politics of anxiety, becomes genuine communitys party by 1932 Political methods propaganda, canvassing (posters and leaflets), technology, mass suggestion, scapegoats and unifying theme, violence. The Legal Revolution 2/12 Nazis in Cabinet no volume in Reichstag althoughthe NSDAP is largest party President can dismiss Chancellors at will. Plus side has largest party conservatives must choose between him and possibly Communists or complaisant war he can use resources of the state. Calls for new Reichstag elections for March 1933 within 24 hours. Violence, intimidation, 69 mass die Hitlers Appeal to the German people blames everything on communists and democrats, idea of a national uprising Promised 3 million reichsmarks from key industrialists.Feb 27 Reichstag Fir e a communist accused therefore play up fears of a communist led coup. Next day, Hindenburg signs Decree for the Protection of the People and the State most civil and political liberties suspended (hundreds are arrested). Election results 5 March Nazis win 44% but asks 52 seats won by nationalists. Changes in laws pick out 2/3 absolute majority to pass. March 1933 the Enabling Act to give him and cabinet full powers for 4 years a legal dictatorship. At vote, communists denied entry Hitler promises to respect rights of catholics and gets ZP support only SPD vote against and bill passes. Policy of Gleichschaltung Nazification, a merging with German society during 1933-34. Revolution from below (the SA) and Revolution from above (leadership). Main focus on Federal States, political parties and indpt trade unions.A.Federal States violence and intimidation threaten to spin things out of control. 31 March 1933 law to dissolve regional parliaments, reformed with welcome majoritie s and to be controlled by Nazis. 7 April Governors posts created usually run by Gauleiters (regional party leaders). Jan 1934, regional parliaments are abolished. No more federalism. B.Trade unions connects to socialism and Catholicism. May Day declared national holiday, SA/SS occupy offices, seize funds and leaders are sent off to camps. DAF (German Labor Front) set up and run by Robert Ley with 22 m. members. C.Political parties need for a one-party state. Communists outlawed after Fire Social Dems assets seized in June and they are banned in late June most parties agree to self dissolve July Catholic Center Party disbands. Chancellor to Fuehrer 6 months in Hitler is stronger position.Calls for end of revolution 6 July 1933. Needs to stop free-for-all and violence. SA and Roehm call for a mho Revolution SA more made up of unemployed youth.Had made the street revolution earlier but hadnt benefitted. Roehm calls for National Socialist Revolution SA has 3 m men in 1934, much l arger than army. But army could do a coup, and has themilitary expertise to fulfiull foreign policy of Hitler. June 29-30, 1934 Night of the abundant Knives Hitler before comes to agreement with Generals Fritsch and Blomberg. 200 murdered by SS, old scores settled (Schleicher and Strasser) Results SA leaderless and powerless now. Army behind Hitler. Emergence of the SS. Hitler has firmed up own position August 2 Hindenburg dies Hitler merges two offices and takes title of Fuehrer.RULE OF HITLERGreat Depression Conditions in 19331)Collapse of trade and especially exports2) Although an industrial powerhouse, many firms go bust in GD3)Mass long-term unemployment.4)In agriculture, food prices fall and farmers get poorer5)In finance, collapse of banking sectorEconomic PoliciesGiven the huge problems 3 choicesA.Anti-capitalist, socialist program embodied in 25 Points (profit-sharing, social security, nationalization)B.Deficit support (Keynesian economics)C.Defense economyConcept of Autarky = self-sufficiencyFocus on Public works projects, Jobs for unemployed.1) Schacht and the New PlanPresident of Reichsbank and ulterior diplomatic minister of Economy held a leading role in 1923 crisis and creation of new money under Stresemann. Note the economic low was reached in end 1932, early 1933 (but no one knew)SolutionsA.Banking- government moves to control capital and to set low rates B.Financial benefits given to groups such as farmers and small businesses also tariffs, subsidies, rock-bottom debts, tax concessions, allowances, and grants C.Public works reforestation, land reclamation, new roads, housing By 1936, emphasis shifts to rearmamentD.Bilateral trade agreements with focus on barterE.New Reichsmark policy as only currency to be usedF.Mefo Bills like t-bills2 Problems remain Fear of inflation, Balance of trade deficit.2) The 4 Year Plan (1936) Guns or Butter? Deficit financing has been hidden by financial tricks Schacht proposes reduction in arms spendin g Hitler sides with the army Military+Economymust be ready in 4 years. Goering made tzar of the 4 year planGoals Autarky and rearmament, Nazi control of economy becomes much tighter.3) War Time Economy Goering replaced by Speer in 1942 Germany is on a total war footingSocial PoliciesIdeology 4 main tenetsA) Race Aryanism, racial purity, Social Darwinism, anti-Semitism, euthanisa, eugenicsB) Authoritarianism the Fuehrer principleC) All Germans together living spaceD) VolksgemeinschaftOne Volk, harmony, no social class divisions or distinctions Social Groups Industrial workers (very left) Trade unions closed downDAF foundBeauty of Labor (beautify workings conditions) force-out through Joy (vacations, sports, excursions, etc)But shortage of workers and real wages stay low as war starts, more women work and Labor camps set up. Peasants and small farmers Nazi sympathy for their plight. They are the Volk. Initiatives include write-offs, cheap loans, land. But after initial benefit s, resentment and lower standard of living Landowners initially suspicious of low-born Hitler and his socialists thus buy in and support Middle class low rate loans and encouragement for their businesses Upper Class and Big Business prefer Hitler and Fascists to communism nurture and young Centralized Indoctrinate, brainwash no more individual choice One curriculum and one textbook Teachers trained the right way Nazi Teachers League Understand what it means to be German Pride and nationalism Obedience and loyalty Emphasis on physical fitness and educationHitler Youth compulsory in 1939League of German Maidens Teamwork and group work is a big feature But teacher shortages, anti-academic curriculum focusReligion close Germans are Christian 2/3 Protestant. Church is a powerful institution.A) Conciliation policy of coordinationConcordat July 1933 Features non-interference.B) Aggressivenes 1935-45 Nazis become more anti-Christian. German Faith tendency Never gathers strength.Teuton ic paganism a made-up religion. Anti-religious measures Close churches, arrests, taking away funds, closing youth groups. Pope speaks out against Nazis in 1937Women and FamilyPopulation growth falling, womanish employment expands, too many unmarried women. Nazis oppose emancipation and feminism. Goals Kinder, Kuche, Kirche More children Care for husbands and kids Stop employment of womenBetween 1933-36, married women debarred from work. Loans to young women to stop working and many need to get married. Some Nazi womens organizations are used as covers. Economic necessity in 1937 Despite discrimination need for more cheap laborMarriage loans, family allowances, taxes reduced, maternity benefits, anti-abortion laws, contraception restricted.LebensbornRacial purity, SS brothels.Result Births increase, divorces increase, marriages flatCultureReich Chamber of Culture headed by Goebbels who is also Minister of Propaganda Burning of the booksModern music, jazz, etc are degenerate2500 w riters leave GermanyModern schools of art held in contemptDegenerate Art v Great German ArtOutsidersa)Ideological opponents (Communists, religious, military leaders)b)Biologically inferior (sub-humans) sterilization 350,000 euthanasia 70,000c) Asocials (Homosexuals)Political Gleichschaltung Policy of Coordination All political parties banned July 1933 State parliaments abolished 1934 Civil Service purged Gestapo established SS headed by Himmler established 1925 elite bodyguards first , then run all police actions (incl. camps) First camps established in 1933 for regimes opponents Labor Concentration Death camps after 1939 Emigration for Jews and others encouraged/preferred up to 1939 Steps against the Jews Nuremberg Laws, Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), Poland, Final Solution decided on at Wannsee Conference.